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The presence of non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) like crude oil in groundwater systems is a major environmental concern. Conventional remediation methods often fail to remove NAPLs from low-permeable regions due to subsurface heterogeneity. Surfactants, like Tween80, are commonly used to enhance remediation; however, concerns about their toxicity and resulting secondary contamination remain....
Groundwater remediation is a pressing issue in the modern world. In Brazil, almost 37% of the cities are supplied exclusively with groundwater. In Pakistan, 73% of agricultural irrigation is done with groundwater (Qureshi, 2020). According to Lunardi et al., (2021) groundwater is susceptible to contamination in regions, where pollutant source, such as industry, is present.
In this work, a...
Colloidal gas aphrons (CGAs) are layered microbubbles with sizes between 10 and 100 μm and a gas fraction of 40-70% [1]. CGAs can enhance contaminant removal from soil and aquifers due to their low environmental impact, high surface area, versatility, and stability as an alternative to surfactant solutions and conventional foams. Hence, it can physically remove organic contaminants and heavy...
Natural attenuation is a commonly observed phenomenon in most contaminated sites.(Kao et al. 2010; Kawabe and Komai 2019) Natural attenuation describes naturally occurring processes in soil and groundwater that lead to a reduction in the mass, toxicity, mobility, volume, or concentration of contaminants without human intervention.(Jin et al. 2020) Natural attenuation combined with long-term...
The extensive use of products containing high concentrations of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) has led to the spreading of such “forever chemicals” in soil and groundwater In certain locations, like Korsør in Denmark, a former firefighting training site, PFAS have been detected in the vadose zone in measurable amounts [1]. Studies in such areas are crucial for understanding the...
The application of Monitored Natural Attenuation (MNA) technology has been widespread, while there is a paucity of data on groundwater with multiple co-contaminants. This study selected a high permeability and low hydraulic gradient with BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes), chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs) and chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons (CPs) co-contamination to...
